When the distance between the fuze and the target changed rapidly, then the phase relationship also changed rapidly. It does not store any personal data. Fine condition. First large scale production of tubes for the new fuzes[9] was at a General Electric plant in Cleveland, Ohio formerly used for manufacture of Christmas-tree lamps. The British shared a wide range of possible ideas for designing a fuze, including a photoelectric fuze and a radio fuze, with United States during the Tizard Mission in late 1940. When a target was nearby, it would reflect a significant portion of the oscillator's signal. Veteran rocker Rod Stewart has no doubt what outcome of the Ukraine-Russia war would most benefit humanity, telling an interviewer he's backing Ukraine because, "If the Ukrainians lose it's the end of civilization as we know it.". I know that UT weapons aren't supposed to be something realistic, but if someone wanted to analyze for example the flak cannon, how would it do all the stuff it is supposed to do? However, as the bullet had to be made by hand rather than mass-produced, Major C. Aubrey Dixon of the British Royal Arsenal at Woolwich developed a greatly improved bullet with similar incendiary capabilities. Don't Panic! After that a fresh shot could be positioned in a more favorable position by possibly a telescopic actuator using the gas compressed previously. If you show up late for work for a third day, you'll probably take some flak from your coworkers they'll take verbal shots at you. 50 Rounds of 115gr FMJ 9mm Ammo by Winchester. Same principle is used for special types of shrapnel ammo in the Carl Gustav recoilless rifle. Press J to jump to the feed. The Fabricated Sniper Rifle is a ranged weapon, a more advanced version of the Longneck Rifle. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the Doppler frequency. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Once a shot is fired the barrel does return back due to the recoil, I think that such force could be harvested by the two pneumatic cylinders on both sides. Design of the type began as early as 1936 under the charge of the Rheinmetall-Borsig concern and then known as the "Gerat 40", intended as an in-the-field gun system for the German Army. 3. The anti-aircraft artillery range at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico was used as one of the test facilities for the proximity fuze, where almost 50,000 test firings were conducted from 1942 to 1945. Sure, in UT99 there is some sort of piston that pushes ammo into the firing chamber, but it's placement makes it impossible to get access to ammo from the magazine, there is no space for that. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Also, where the crewmen of these planes were most likely to be hit. [5] This was adopted by British forces as the 0.303 Incendiary B Mark VI. Is Wolfram|Alpha just an online equation solver. Second World War Weapons That Failed | Imperial War Museums Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Proximity fuzes fitted to such weapons as artillery and mortar shells solve this problem by having a range of set burst heights [e.g. Others, such as the Czechoslovak 37 mm and 47 mm guns and the Russian . The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. [64] [65], During WW2, the Germans had at least five acoustic fuzes for anti-aircraft use under development, though none saw operational service. 60.0. Consequently, a low frequency signal, corresponding to the frequency difference between the oscillator and the received signal, developed at the oscillator's plate terminal. The tank chosen was Germany's own Leopard Main Battle Tank (MBT). Like its World War II namesake, the Flakpanzer 38 (t), the Gepard was based on the hull of an existing tank. The versatile 88mm cannon was Germany's main heavy antiaircraftor "flak"gun during World War II. WWII Naval Kriegsmarine Coastal Flak Artillery Badge Flak Hit Statistics For World War II Heavy Bombers - YouTube The allies had the edge with the VT fuse. how does flak ammunition work. Allied AA defenses were also effective, one example being the battles against the V-1 flying bombs and the fact that they chose to defend Antwerp against the V-1 using AA guns along is testament to their effectiveness. That is exac. The bullets were at first scarce, and as a result, a mix of ball, AP, Mk IV incendiary tracer and Mk VI incendiary were used until production increased to sufficient levels. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. The distance between the fuze and the target was not constant but rather constantly changing due to the high speed of the fuze and any motion of the target. One-Handed Flail The flail is a medieval weapon that's instantly familiar. An HE-Frag shell with time fuse. Note here that the amplitude of this low frequency 'beat' signal corresponds to the amplitude of the signal reflected from the target. [64] [65], 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze, 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze, 60mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze. fine for not having a boat licence qld; cherokee brick products Throw a couple hundred of em into the air and theyll do work. I think the TF2 Engineer summed it up perfectly: "How am I going to stop some big mean mother hubbard from tearing me a structurally superfluous new behind? But what about people. Any analysis that does not examine all components of the system, and acknowledge that interference with any part of it can sharply reduce its effectiveness, is incomplete. The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. How does flak work? Much feared by military aircrew, flak blew thousands of aeroplanes from the sky across the 20th century. Due to their specialist nature they tend to be more expensive and larger than their standard counterparts. [9] Their system involved a small, short range, Doppler radar. [9] Information was also shared with Canada in 1940 and the National Research Council of Canada delegated work on the fuze to a team at the University of Toronto. Flak jackets were never designed or developed to provide protection against gunfire, though some can sustain the velocity of a bullet depending on the specific body armor and weapon. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Flak jacket Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster [54], Vannevar Bush, head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during the war, credited the proximity fuze with three significant effects. "[27] The critical work of adapting the fuze for anti-aircraft shells was done in the United States, not in England. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. Flak-How does it truly work? | WWII Forums Prototype fuzes were then constructed in June 1940, and installed in "unrotated projectiles", the British cover name for solid-fueled rockets, and fired at targets supported by balloons. Change). Flak-damaged bombers were forced out of formation, making them easy prey (for both Allied and Axis fighter forces) for marauding fighters. A timer fuze can be set to explode a few meters above the ground but the timing is vital and usually requires observers to provide information for adjusting the timing. The same is true of bombers. I'm glad that diagram depicted a goose, I hope it was Canadian. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The shell bursts at the appropriate height above ground. how does flak ammunition work - hazrentalcenter.com I would point to the Luftwaffe flak defenses of the Ruhr, their larger cities like Berlin and their oil refineries. Bullet 50 feet from the plane? The reverse side is maker marked 'A' for the manufacturing firm of Assmann. 20 mm caliber | Military Wiki | Fandom Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such as planes, missiles, ships at sea, and ground forces. You measure the distance to the target, set the shell for that distance (or a few meters behind), and aim above the target. The former as the. The T-3 fuze had a 52% success against a water target when tested in January, 1942. 8,8 cm Flak 41 Information about the 8,8 cm Flak 41. Winchester USA 5.56 Nato Ammunition 200 Rounds 55 Grain Full Metal Jacket. Flash Sale. 2,4 or 10m (7,13 or 33ft)] above ground that are selected by gun crews. As a result, Ukrainian forces have . Several ideas had been considered, including optical systems that shone a light, sometimes infrared, and triggered when the reflection reached a certain threshold, various ground-triggered means using radio signals, and capacitive or inductive methods similar to a metal detector. This is due to the same effect. What is the meaning of the word swappable? Whats the difference back then to your description? Question about German 3.7cm - Ask the experts - War Thunder What does cholera look like under a microscope? Most of the official Allied histories downplayed its role. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell. Why dont we use flak on people. The tests were to be conducted over two days, but the testing stopped when drones were destroyed early on the first day. https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-A-A-missiles-be-used-against-ground-targets-and-A-G-missiles-against-air-targets. The main targets for these proximity fuze detonated bombs and rockets were anti-aircraft emplacements and airfields.[62]. But an explosion ABOVE is often lethal since those kinds of cover don't have roofs. [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). Which nation was best at using AAA and why? Regular $49.99 (Save $15.00) When an 88mm projectile exploded at altitude, it sent out jagged Casing type: 88x571R. The details of the British experiments were passed to the United States Naval Research Laboratory and National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). The Allied fuze used constructive and destructive interference to detect its target. Absolute yikes. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. [40], In the US, NDRC focused on radio fuzes for use with anti-aircraft artillery, where acceleration was up to 20,000g as opposed to about 100g for rockets and much less for dropped bombs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Flak-How does it truly work? | WWII Forums [57], The Pentagon refused to allow the Allied field artillery use of the fuzes in 1944, although the United States Navy fired proximity-fuzed anti-aircraft shells during the July 1943 invasion of Sicily. It was a game changer and fortunately for the US Navy they had it when the kamikaze appeared. They never pooled their resources, instead each would go their own way, often siting individual radars in the same place., Two myths about flak: one it was not very effective, from an Allied point of view, and second the Allied bombing campaign against Germany created a second front siphoning off thousands of men to man the guns and robbing the German army of valuable men. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. e Weapons. | Latest News India The Columbia survived, but 13 crew members were killed. Gun batteries aboard cruiser USSCleveland(CL-55) tested proximity-fuzed ammunition against radio-controlled drone aircraft targets over Chesapeake Bay. [8] With a proximity fuze, the shell or missile need only pass close by the target at some time during its flight. Images of CAD renderings can be found below. All of these suffered from the large size of pre-WWII electronics and their fragility, as well as the complexity of the required circuitry. For alternate autocannon ammunition, see the Special Munitions category. Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Which aircraft type could withstand the most damage? The US repeated it for N. Korea and N. Vietnam but failed again ( a whole another story) so luckily its not an era we will see again. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. how does flak ammunition work - 450conect.com They were used in land-based artillery in the South Pacific in 1944. Its price point is 75 cents per round and its bullet weight is between 147 and 175 grains. Flakpanzer 341 - War Thunder Wiki How much is it worth today? The different roles that artillery ammunition has had to fill on the battlefield has led to many different designs and types of ammunition, some of which are discussed here And while artillery has been used by armies for hundreds of years, this article focuses on "modern" ammunition (post-1870). As the war progress and the manpower shortage increased thousands of able-bodied flak men were transferred to the army. [67] [68]. [2] The British Royal Flying Corps forbade the use of incendiary ammunition for air-to-air combat with another airplane, as their use against personnel was at first considered to be a violation of the St. Petersburg Declaration. Coilguns shoot high velocity bolts that deal damage to anything they hit. However, British scientists were uncertain whether a fuze could be developed for anti-aircraft shells, which had to withstand much higher accelerations than rockets. In May 1940 a formal proposal from Butement, Edward S. Shire, and Amherst F.H. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. Ammo - Global wiki. Wargaming.net The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. But this was a false metric. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground. One may use a timed fuse in the shell. The front shows an 88 flak artillery gun in the center. Observers may not be practical in many situations, the ground may be uneven, and the practice is slow in any event. For smaller artillery, anything except a direct hit often killed very few or nobody if the soldiers were in cover. Garrisoned defenses do not need ammunition. Speed was a factor, and most fighter pilots knew that when strafing a target you never made a second pass.. These included planar electrodes and packing the components in wax and oil to equalize the stresses. Indeed when you compare these numbers to the more effective 128mm AA gun the numbers are intriguing. [28], Prior to and following receipt of circuitry designs from the British, various experiments were carried out by Richard B. Roberts, Henry H. Porter, and Robert B. Brode under the direction of NDRC Section T Chairman Merle Tuve. Proximity fusing is used on several types of ordinance to cause an airburst and greatly increase lethality against soft targets. Mention has to be made of the development of gun laying radar. Thompson was sent to the British Air Defence Establishment based on the second of the two concepts. German 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr L/4.5 (Kz) | Replica Arms Manufacturer [34][37][38] The use of the Doppler effect developed by this group was later incorporated in all radio proximity fuzes for bomb, rocket, and mortar applications. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This doesnt take into account the number of aircraft that were severely damaged by flak.. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In the post-World War II era, a number of new proximity fuze systems were developed, including radio, optical, and other means. These bombers required repair, causing service rates to fall and thus reducing the number of bombers available for new operations. The answer? By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. It is used in mines and torpedoes. In order to be used with gun projectiles, which experience extremely high acceleration and centrifugal forces, the fuze design also needed to utilize many shock hardening techniques. From left to right: 90 mm shrapnel shell, 120 mm pig iron incendiary . Press J to jump to the feed. Welcome to WWII Forums! So the changing phase relationship between the oscillator signal and the reflected signal complicated the measurement of the amplitude of that small reflected signal. Flak Ammo | Drednot.io Wiki | Fandom Weapons and Ammunition :: Empyrion - Galactic Survival General Discussions In this video, you'll find out the percentages of where Allied bombers got hit the most. 31. Weapons and Ammunition. Their light and medium flak over the battlefield was also highly effective and took a great toll on Allied fighter bombers. So, why was the 8.8 FLAK in WW2 used by german troops against tanks? Acoustic proximity fuzes are actuated by the acoustic emissions from a target (example an aircraft's engine or ship's propeller). Once again enduring the strange looks at the range - "Why on earth do those idiots keep shooting cowboy boots at . Personal thoughts on it:Probably the cannon works with some sort of a pneumatic contraption. Therefore, their speed is much lower and this makes them less dangerous to those on the ground. 2 Answers. With their moderate rate of fire, and typically inexpensive ammunition, they can make for good defensive weapons. against light targets such as infantry and non-armored vehicles. They were not nearly as effective at puncturing bomber aircraft as armor-piercing bullets, but were far more effective than standard bullets because they could also ignite fuel if they came into contact with a fuel tank or pipeline. All of the units in Warpath are the real units from World War II, from infantry units to rocket artillery. Follow up question, why do AA guns turn the sky red when theyre being fired? AA shrapnel also killed and wounded tens of thousands of aircrew, significantly reducing the overall efficiency and morale.. These include rounds for the Gepard aerial flak system that Ukraine has successfully deployed against Iranian-made suicide drones, in particular. (LogOut/ Tanks and armor couldnt maneuver through the forest, and the Germans had secured all the roads. How Germany's 88mm Anti-Aircraft Gun Introduced the FLAK Into the By April 1945 44 percent of the flak arm was made up of people unqualified for combat, foreign nationals or prisoners of war.. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. (LogOut/ Items that can be anointed include weapons, shields, and grenade mods. Combat Extended adds a plethora of new features to the game, many of which are not immediately apparent. The British Mk VI bullet was copied by the United States in simplified form, for both their .30 and .50 aircraft bullets. You have to remember that the Luftwaffe flak arm played a dual role. The 88 earned its reputation as the best overall gun of the war. The placement of the slug magazine on the weapon doesn't make any sense even there unfortunatly. [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. It also left a characteristic black cloud hanging in the sky. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. There were also over two thousand suppliers and subsuppliers, ranging from powder manufacturers to machine shops. Flak Ammo is a type of bullet that spreads in flight, making it good for medium-ranged combat. [21][22], In 1936, the Air Ministry took over Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk to further develop their prototype radar systems that would emerge the next year as Chain Home. It was from the cannon shells and incendiary bullets that had hit my machineBullets were going between my legs, and I remember seeing a bright flash of an incendiary bullet going past my leg into the gas tankThen a little red tongue licked out inquiringly from under the gas tank in front of my feet and became a hot little bonfire in one corner of the cockpit.". Ammunition- Ammo, Rifles, Shells | Dunham's Sports Incendiary ammunition - Wikipedia Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Also in 1944, fuzes were allocated to the British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command, that was engaged in defending Britain against the V-1 flying bomb. You are at a gateway to WWII discussion, research, exploration, & analysis. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. The first time incendiary ammunition was widely used was in World WarI, more specifically in 1916. Shorter barrel, a little less velocity, and a good bit more stress on hollow point performance through barriers. [47] Similarly for example the word tank for an armored fighting vehicle was used to pretend plausibly that a carrier of water for troops on the battlefield was being developed. As most of the British heavy anti-aircraft guns were deployed in a long, thin coastal strip, dud shells fell into the sea, safely out of reach of capture. Pye's group was apparently unable to get their rugged pentodes to function reliably under high pressures until 6 August 1941, which was after the successful tests by the American group. Many postwar histories accepted the testimony of leading figures within the Luftwaffe that ground based AA defences achieved limited success in destroying Allied bombers. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In December 1940, Tuve invited Harry Diamond and Wilbur S. Hinman, Jr, of the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to investigate Berkner's improved fuze and develop a proximity fuze for rockets and bombs to use against the German Luftwaffe. Measures 1 13/16 X 2 9/16 inches. Regular $179.99 (Save $50.00) $129.99. The Germans and the Allies, to a certain extent, used the number of enemy aircraft shot down by fighters and those by flak as a measurement as to its effectiveness. Empyrion - Galactic Survival > General Discussions > Topic Details. These guns have enough damage potential to down a single-engine aircraft with a single shot, with 2 or 3 needed to down larger aircraft. The blast from the first bomb was used to trigger the fuze of the second bomb which would explode above ground and in this turn would detonate the third bomb with the process repeated all the way till the last bomb in the string.